Background:
Co-infection with hepatitis C (HCV) is very common in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected patients. Although HIV co-infection clearly accelerates progression of HCV-related fibrosis and liver disease, controversy remains as to the impact of HCV on HIV disease progression in co-infected patients. HIV can cause immune dysfunction, in which the regulatory function of T helper (Th) cells is very essential. Moreover, cytokines derived from Th cells play a prominent role in viral infection. Investigating the functional changes of Th1 and Th2 cells in cytokine level can improve the understanding of the effect of co-infected HCV on HIV infection.
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Dynamic analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokine concentration during antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1/HCV co-infected Patients
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Early Initiation of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-infected Infants in a Government Clinic of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
A recent randomized trial showed dramatic improvement in survival of HIV-infected infants receiving early combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, few data are available for resource-limited settings. Read More
No Treatment versus 24 or 60 Weeks of Antiretroviral Treatment during Primary HIV Infection: The Randomized Primo-SHM Trial
by Marlous L. Grijsen, Radjin Steingrover, Ferdinand W. N. M. Wit, Suzanne Jurriaans, Annelies Verbon, Kees Brinkman, Marchina E. van der Ende, Robin Soetekouw, Frank de Wolf, Joep M. A. Lange, Hanneke Schuitemaker, Jan M. Prins, on behalf of the Primo-SHM Study Group
Background
The objective of this study was to assess the benefit of temporary combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) during primary HIV infection (PHI).
Methods and Findings
Adult patients with laboratory evidence of PHI were recruited in 13 HIV treatment centers in the Netherlands and randomly assigned to receive no treatment or 24 or 60 wk of cART (allocation in a 1∶1∶1 ratio); if therapy was clinically indicated, participants were randomized over the two treatment arms (allocation in a 1∶1 ratio). Read More
Prevalence, genetic diversity and antiretroviral drugs resistance-associated mutations among untreated HIV-1-infected pregnant women in Gabon, central Africa
Background:
In Africa, the wide genetic diversity of HIV has resulted in emergence of new strains, rapid spread of this virus in sub-Saharan populations and therefore spread of the HIV epidemic throughout the continent. Read More
Effectiveness and safety of 30mg versus 40mg stavudine regimens: a cohort study among HIV-infected adults initiating HAART in South Africa
Background:
As stavudine remains an important and widely prescribed drug in resource-limited settings, the effect of a reduced dose of stavudine (from 40 mg to 30 mg) on outcomes of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) remains an important public health question. Read More
[Comment] Aciclovir for dual infection with HIV and HSV
In The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Steven Reynolds and colleagues show that aciclovir treatment (400 mg twice daily) can postpone HIV disease progression in herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) co-infected, antiretroviral therapy naive individuals who have CD4 cell counts of 300–400 cells per μL. These findings accord with those of Lingappa and colleagues, who used the same aciclovir regimen in patients with CD4 cell counts of 250 cells per μL or more, although the clinical effect in both studies was modest.
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Controversies in HIV cure research
Background:
Antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces HIV viral burden and prolongs life, but does not cure HIV infection. The major scientific barrier to a cure is thought to be the persistence of the virus in cellular and/or anatomical reservoirs. Read More
Text messages help HIV patients stick to antiretroviral drug therapy
Mobile phones could play a valuable role in helping HIV patients to take their medication every day, according to a new Cochrane Systematic Review. The researchers found that patients were less likely to miss doses if they were sent weekly mobile phone text message reminders. Read More
Prospective evaluation of bone markers, parathormone and 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D in HIV-positive patients after the initiation of tenofovir/emtricitabine with atazanavir/ritonavir or efavirenz
Background:
Increased risk of fractures and osteoporosis have been associated with the use of antiretroviral drugs. There is a paucity of prospective evaluations of bone markers after the initiation of drugs currently recommended to treat HIV infection and results on the evolution of these markers are conflicting. Lastly, the effect of tenofovir on 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D is uncertain. Read More
The epidemiology and clinical correlates of HIV-1 co-receptor tropism in non-subtype B infections from India, Uganda and South Africa
Background:
The introduction of C-C chemokine receptor type-5 (CCR5) antagonists as antiretroviral therapy has led to the need to study HIV co-receptor tropism in different HIV-1 subtypes and geographical locations. This study was undertaken to evaluate HIV-1 co-receptor tropism in the developing world where non-B subtypes predominate, in order to assess the therapeutic and prophylactic potential of CCR5 antagonists in these regions. Read More
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Dolutegravir—a promising antiretroviral in development
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed the lives of people living with HIV. Studies suggest that treatment with cART might lead to the normal to near-normal life expectancy. Over the past decade our understanding of the toxic effects of cART has improved and new, convenient, seemingly less toxic, and more tolerable antiretroviral drugs in old and new classes have become available. Once or twice daily regimens—in particular fixed-dose once-daily combinations of two or three drugs—have simplified cART and made lifelong prescription far more acceptable.
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[Comment] Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: supervision or support?
We are entering a new phase in the strategic use of antiretroviral drugs. In addition to dramatically reducing HIV/AIDS-related morbidity and mortality, these drugs have recently shown an important effect in reducing HIV incidence and transmission.
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