Background:
Recent data from Ghana indicates that after seven rounds of annual mass drug administration(MDA) there is still sustained transmission albeit at low levels in certain areas whereAnopheles melas, An. gambiae s.s., Mansonia and Culex species are the main bitingmosquitoes. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus are the known vectors in Ghana and arecent report indicated that An. melas could transmit at low level microfilaraemia. Read More
Mansonia africana and Mansonia uniformis are Vectors in the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti lymphatic filariasis in Ghana
Target product profiles for protecting against outdoor malaria transmission
Background:
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS) have decimated malaria transmission by killing indoor-feeding mosquitoes. However, complete elimination of malaria transmission with these proven methods is confounded by vectors that evade pesticide contact by feeding outdoors. Read More
Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010
Source: Wikipedia
Background:
Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. Read More
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Molecular Approaches to Malaria: :: Amazon "Molecular Approaches to Malaria" provides an overview of the rapid and significant developments that have occurred in malaria research, inc |
Effects of temperature on the transmission of Yersinia pestis by the flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, in the late phase period
Background:
Traditionally, efficient flea-borne transmission of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, was thought to be dependent on a process referred to as blockage in which biofilm-mediated growth of the bacteria physically blocks the flea gut, leading to the regurgitation of contaminated blood into the host. Read More
Infection Parameters in the Sand Fly Vector That Predict Transmission of Leishmania major
by Lisa W. Stamper, Rachel L. Patrick, Michael P. Fay, Phillip G. Lawyer, Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem, Nagila Secundino, Alain Debrabant, David L. Sacks, Nathan C. Peters
To identify parameters of
Source: Wikipedia
Leishmania infection within a population of infected sand flies that reliably predict subsequent transmission to the mammalian host, we sampled groups of infected flies and compared infection intensity and degree of metacyclogenesis with the frequency of transmission. The percentage of parasites within the midgut that were metacyclic promastigotes had the highest correlation with the frequency of transmission. Read More
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Leishmania: After The Genome :: Amazon Leishmania is a vector-borne pathogenic parasite found in 88 countries worldwide and is the causative agent of leishmaniasis. The different |
Effect of variable transmission rate on the dynamics of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa
Source: Freebase
Background:
The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has been estimated to have a very low probability; but effects of cofactors that vary in space and time may substantially alter this pattern. Read More
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Challenging HIV and AIDS: A New Role for Caribbean Education :: Amazon There are an estimated 42 million people worldwide living with HIV and AIDS. In the Caribbean, the statistics are alarming. After sub-Sahara |
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HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology :: Amazon HIV and AIDS in Africa: Beyond Epidemiology is a collection that seeks to further our understanding of AIDS by shifting the predominant unde |
[Comment] Circumcised HIV-infected men and HPV transmission
Countries with high incidences of HIV also have the highest incidence of cancers related to human papillomavirus (HPV). This association is particularly true in southern Africa, where the HIV incidence in young women (about five per 100 person-years of observation in some regions) and the cervical cancer incidence (about 40 per 100 000 per year) are among the highest in the world. Interventions that can reduce the rates of HIV infection, HPV infection, or both, are urgently needed.
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Changing patterns of malaria during 1996-2010 in an area of moderate transmission in Southern Senegal
Source: Freebase
Background:
Malaria is reportedly receding in different epidemiological settings, but local long-term surveys are limited. At Mlomp dispensary in south-western Senegal, an area of moderate malaria transmission, year-round, clinically-suspected malaria was treated with monotherapy as per WHO and national policy in the 1990s. Since 2000, there has been a staggered deployment of artesunate-amodiaquine after parasitological confirmation; this was adopted nationally in 2006.
Methods:
Data were extracted from clinic registers for the period between January 1996 and December 2010, analysed and modelled.
Results:
Over the 15-year study period, the risk of malaria decreased about 32-times (from 0.4 to 0.012 episodes person-year), while anti-malarial treatments decreased 13-times (from 0.9 to 0.07 treatments person-year) and consultations for fever decreased 3-times (from 1.8 to 0.6 visits person-year). This was paralleled by changes in the age profile of malaria patients so that the risk of malaria is now almost uniformly distributed throughout life, while in the past malaria used to concern more children below 16 years of age.
Conclusions:
This study provides direct evidence of malaria risk receding between 1996-2010 and becoming equal throughout life where transmission used to be moderate. Infection rates are no longer enough to sustain immunity. Temporally, this coincides with deploying artemisinin combinations on parasitological confirmation, but other contributing causes are unclear.
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Roll out treatment as prevention now to stop HIV and AIDS
Lancet column calls for immediate expansion of global HIV strategy
Vancouver, British Columbia and Rome (July 15, 2011): The Lancet, a leading global medical journal, published an editorial comment today that emphasizes the critical role of expanding access to HIV treatment under a “Treatment as Prevention” strategy to stop the HIV pandemic. Read More
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Positive Prevention: Reducing HIV Transmission among People Living with HIV/AIDS :: Amazon -The latest "buzz word" in HIV prevention -Few resources available on "positive prevention" -Kalichman is a known and recognized name in the |
Insecticide-treated net (ITN) ownership, usage, and malaria transmission in the highlands of western Kenya
Background:
Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are known to be highly effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality. However, usage varies among households, and such variations in actual usage may seriously limit the potential impact of nets and cause spatial heterogeneity on malaria transmission. This study examined ITN ownership and underlying factors for among-household variation in use, and malaria transmission in two highland regions of western Kenya. Read More
Experimental Transmission of Leishmania infantum by Two Major Vectors: A Comparison between a Viscerotropic and a Dermotropic Strain
by Carla Maia, Veronika Seblova, Jovana Sadlova, Jan Votypka, Petr Volf
We quantified Leishmania infantum parasites transmitted by natural vectors for the first time. Both L. infantum strains studied, dermotropic CUK3 and viscerotropic IMT373, developed well in Phlebotomus perniciosus and Lutzomyia longipalpis. They produced heavy late-stage infection and colonized the stomodeal valve, which is a prerequisite for successful transmission. Infected sand fly females, and especially those that transmit parasites, feed significantly longer on the host (1.5–1.8 times) than non-transmitting females. Quantitative PCR revealed that P. perniciosus harboured more CUK3 strain parasites, while in L. longipalpis the intensity of infection was higher for the IMT373 strain. However, in both sand fly species the parasite load transmitted was higher for the strain with dermal tropism (CUK3). All but one sand fly female infected by the IMT373 strain transmitted less than 600 promastigotes; in contrast, 29% of L. longipalpis and 14% of P. perniciosus infected with the CUK3 strain transmitted more than 1000 parasites. The parasite number transmitted by individual sand flies ranged from 4 up to 4.19×104 promastigotes; thus, the maximal natural dose found was still about 250 times lower than the experimental challenge dose used in previous studies. This finding emphasizes the importance of determining the natural infective dose for the development of an accurate experimental model useful for the evaluation of new drugs and vaccines.
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Environmental Constraints Guide Migration of Malaria Parasites during Transmission
by Janina Kristin Hellmann, Sylvia Münter, Mikhail Kudryashev, Simon Schulz, Kirsten Heiss, Ann-Kristin Müller, Kai Matuschewski, Joachim P. Spatz, Ulrich S. Schwarz, Friedrich Frischknecht
Migrating cells are guided in complex environments mainly by chemotaxis or structural cues presented by the surrounding tissue. During transmission of malaria, parasite motility in the skin is important for Plasmodium sporozoites to reach the blood circulation. Here we show that sporozoite migration varies in different skin environments the parasite encounters at the arbitrary sites of the mosquito bite. In order to systematically examine how sporozoite migration depends on the structure of the environment, we studied it in micro-fabricated obstacle arrays. The trajectories observed in vivo and in vitro closely resemble each other suggesting that structural constraints can be sufficient to guide Plasmodium sporozoites in complex environments. Sporozoite speed in different environments is optimized for migration and correlates with persistence length and dispersal. However, this correlation breaks down in mutant sporozoites that show adhesion impairment due to the lack of TRAP-like protein (TLP) on their surfaces. This may explain their delay in infecting the host. The flexibility of sporozoite adaption to different environments and a favorable speed for optimal dispersal ensures efficient host switching during malaria transmission.
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Parasites! - The Malaria Parasite :: Amazon Malaria is a serious disease caused by a tiny mosquito-borne parasite called Plasmodium. It once affected entire empires, but thanks to the |
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Malaria Resistance or Susceptibility in Red Cells Disorders :: Amazon In malaria endemic areas, red cell polymorphisms that confer protection against acute uncomplicated malaria, severe malaria, and malaria mor |
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